Abstract
STUDY QUESTION
Is exposure to environmental chemicals associated with modification of placental morphology and function?
SUMMARY ANSWER
Phthalates, a class of ubiquitous chemicals, showed an association with altered placental weight, placental vascular resistance and placental efficiency.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Only a few epidemiological studies have assessed the effects of phenols and phthalates on placental health. Their results were affected by exposure measurement errors linked to the rapid excretion of these compounds and the reliance on a limited number of spot urine samples to assess exposure.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A prospective mother-child cohort with improved exposure assessment for non-persistent chemicals, recruited participants between 2014 and 2017. Sample size ranged between 355 (placental parameters measured at birth: placental weight and placental-to-fetal weight ratio: a proxy for placental efficiency) and 426 (placental parameters measured during pregnancy: placental thickness and vascular resistance).
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Phenols (four parabens, two bisphenols, triclosan and benzophenone-3), 13 phthalate metabolites, and two non-phthalate plasticizer metabolites were measured in within-subject pools of repeated urine samples collected during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy (median = 21 samples/trimester/woman). Placental thickness and placental vascular resistance (PVR) were measured during pregnancy. The placenta was weighed at birth and the placental-to-fetal-weight ratio (PFR) was computed. Both adjusted linear regression and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression were used to evaluate associations between phenols and phthalates (alone or as mixture) and placental parameters. Effect modification by child sex was also investigated.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Several phthalate metabolites were negatively associated with placental outcomes. Monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) concentrations, during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, were associated with a decrease in both placental weight at birth (β= -20.1 g [95% CI: -37.8; -2.5] and β= -17.4 g [95% CI: -33.2; -1.6], for 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively) and PFR (β= -0.5 [95% CI: -1, -0.1] and β=-0.5 [95% CI: -0.9, -0.1], for 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively). Additionally, MBzP was negatively associated with PVR during the 3rd trimester (β= -0.9 [95% CI: -1.8; 0.1]). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), was negatively associated with PVR in both trimesters (β=-1.3, 95%IC: [-2.3, -0.2], and β=-1.2, 95%IC: [-2.4, -0.03], for 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively). After stratification for child sex, ∑ diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) (either 2nd or 3rd trimester exposures, depending on the outcomes considered) was associated with decreased PVR in the 3rd trimester, as well as decreased placental weight and PFR in males. No associations were observed for phenol biomarkers.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
False positives cannot be ruled out. Therefore, chemicals that were associated with multiple outcomes (MnBP and DiNP) or reported in existing literature as associated with placental outcomes (MBzP) should be considered as the main results.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results are consistent with in vitro studies showing that phthalates target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, in the family of nuclear receptors involved in key placental development processes such as trophoblast proliferation, migration, and invasion. In addition to placental weight at birth, we studied placental parameters during pregnancy, which could provide a broader view of how environmental chemicals affect maternal-fetal exchanges over the course of pregnancy. Our findings contribute to the increasing evidence indicating adverse impacts of phthalate exposure on placental health.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This work was supported by the French Research Agency—ANR (MEMORI project ANR-21-CE34-0022). The SEPAGES cohort was supported by the European Research Council (N°311765-E-DOHaD), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-206—N°308333-892 HELIX), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (N° 874583 ATHLETE Project, N°825712 OBERON Project), the French Research Agency—ANR (PAPER project ANR-12-PDOC-0029-01, SHALCOH project ANR-14-CE21-0007, ANR-15-IDEX-02 and ANR-15-IDEX5, GUMME project ANR-18-CE36-005, ETAPE project ANR-18-CE36-0005—EDeN project ANR-19-CE36-0003-01), the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety—ANSES (CNAP project EST-2016-121, PENDORE project EST-2016-121, HyPAxE project EST-2019/1/039, PENDALIRE project EST-2022-169), the Plan Cancer (Canc’Air project), the French Cancer Research Foundation Association de Recherche sur le Cancer—ARC, the French Endowment Fund AGIR for chronic diseases—APMC (projects PRENAPAR, LCI-FOT, DysCard), the French Endowment Fund for Respiratory Health, the French Fund—Fondation de France (CLIMATHES—00081169, SEPAGES 5–00099903, ELEMENTUM - 00124527). Nicolas Jovanovic was supported by a doctoral fellowship from University Grenoble Alpes. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02852499.